IcedCoffeeScript is a superset of CoffeeScript. The iced interpreter is a drop-in replacement for the standard coffee interpreter; it will interpret almost all existing CoffeeScript programs.
IcedCoffeeScript (ICS) adds two new keywords: await and defer. These additions simply and powerfully streamline asynchronous control flow, both on the server and on the browser. Say goodbye to callback pyramids; say adios to massive code rewrites when synchronization requirements change slightly. Say hello to clean, readable, maintainable control flow for network and asynchronous operations!
The golden rule of CoffeeScript was: "It's just JavaScript". ICS is doing something deeper. It's selectively running code through a continuation-passing style conversion. Original-style CoffeeScript will compile as before, but code using the new ICS features will be less recognizable. Still, the compiled output is readable and pretty-printed, passes through JavaScript Lint without warnings.
Latest Version: 1.8.0-a
The CoffeeScript compiler is itself written in CoffeeScript, using the Jison parser generator. The command-line version of iced is available as a Node.js utility. The core compiler however, does not depend on Node, and can be run in any JavaScript environment, or in the browser (see "Try It", above).
To install, first make sure you have a working copy of the latest stable version of Node.js, and npm (the Node Package Manager). You can then install CoffeeScript with npm:
npm install -g iced-coffee-script
(Leave off the -g if you don't wish to install globally.)
If you'd prefer to install the latest master version of CoffeeScript, you can clone the CoffeeScript source repository from GitHub, or download the source directly. To install the CoffeeScript compiler system-wide under /usr/local, open the directory and run:
sudo bin/cake install
We're going to introduce ICS by a working browser-based example. We want to write a little program that uses the Twitter API to search for what to eat given today's weather. The strategy is as follows: search for four different foods, and see which has the most recent activity; search for four different weather patterns, and see which has the most recent activity; then search for both in one joint search. Do as much as possible in parallel.
ICS Basics The first basic primitive is used to do a Twitter search for a single keyword. On the left is the ICS version, on the right is hand-rolled vanilla (hot) CoffeeScript.
# Search for 'keyword' on twitter, then callback 'cb'
# with the results found.
search = (keyword, cb) ->
host = "http://search.twitter.com/"
url = "#{host}/search.json?q=#{keyword}&callback=?"
await $.getJSON url, defer json
cb json.results
# Search for 'keyword' on twitter, then callback 'cb'
# with the results found.
search = (keyword, cb) ->
host = "http://search.twitter.com/"
url = "#{host}/search.json?q=#{keyword}&callback=?"
$.getJSON url, (json) ->
cb json.results
There is one new language addition here, the await { ... } block, and also one new primitive function, defer. The two work in concert. A function must "wait" at the close of an await block until all deferrals made in that await block are fulfilled. The function defer returns a callback, and a callee in an await block can fulfill a deferral by simply calling the callback it was given.
In the code above, there is only one deferral produced, and it's handed as an argument to $.getJSON. This is the standard jQuery getJSON call, which makes an Ajax request to the URL given, and then calls the passed callback with the JSON object it fetched. When the jQuery library does this, it will fulfill the deferral, and in so doing it will populate json with the data it fetched. Then, the function continues calling the final cb json.results.
The right hand side shows the same code in standard CoffeeScript, and as we can see, there's not much difference...yet. Read on, dear reader!
ICS and Standard Control Flow What's so great about await and defer is that they integrate seamlessly with existing CoffeeScript control structures, the tried-and-true favorites like for, if and else.
The next step in our working example is to make multiple requests to the Twitter API, either in parallel or in serial. Recall, we want to lookup results for multiple food items (or weather conditions), so we can compare them to each other. Here is the code in ICS and standard CoffeeScript:
# Search for 'keywords' in parallel, then callback
# 'cb' with an array of the parallel results
parallelSearch = (keywords, cb) ->
out = []
await
for k,i in keywords
search k, defer out[i]
cb out
# Search for 'keywords' in parallel, then callback
# 'cb' with an array of the parallel results
parallelSearch = (keywords, cb) ->
results = []
n_out = 0
cb_generator = (i) ->
n_out++
(json) ->
results[i] = json
if n_out-- is 0
cb results
for k,i in keywords
search k, cb_generator i
Look at the ICS code (on the left) first. Recall the rule: control stops in an await block until all deferrals created in that block have fulfilled. This code launches many searches in parallel, and only continues outside of the await block when all have completed. At that point cb out is called and parallelSearch is done.
The right side is significantly hairier. We need to introduce a new function cb_generator that keeps track of how many searches we have outstanding. Only once all have come back should we continue and call the given callback. A big problem with this code is that it's significantly less readable. Control is weirdly inverted, so that it's no longer possible to follow the code top to bottom. It's also error-prone and difficult to modify.
Let's say, for instance, that Twitter changes their ToS and we now have to issue these searches in serial, rather than in parallel. How does the code change?
# Search for 'keywords' in serial, then callback
# 'cb' with an array of the parallel results
serialSearch = (keywords, cb) ->
out = []
for k,i in keywords
await search k, defer out[i]
cb out
# Search for 'keywords' in serial, then callback
# 'cb' with an array of the parallel results
serialSearch = (keywords, cb) ->
result = []
i = 0
launch = () ->
if i < keywords.length
j = i++
search keywords[j], cb_generator j
else
cb results
cb_generator = (i) ->
(json) ->
results[i] = json
launch()
launch()
The ICS code barely changed! We just exchanged the await and for statements. The hand-rolled CoffeeScript needed a major rewrite. Moreover it's difficult to look at this code and recognize it as a sequential loop.
Closing out the Tutorial There's really not much more to it. The ICS constructs also work with while, until if, else, unless, and switch constructs. The only exception is try, which doesn't catch exceptions when called from event handlers the main loop, for the same reason hand-rolled asynchronous code and try do not work well together.
Finishing up our little example, here is code to rank the results we fetched from Twitter:
# Do a parallel search on 'keywords', and call 'cb' with
# the keywords sorted in decreasing popular order.
# Determine popularity based on the time of the least
# recent tweet (since we always get 15 from Twitter).
rankPopularity = (keywords, cb) ->
await parallelSearch keywords, defer results
times = for r,i in results
last = r[r.length - 1]
[(new Date last.created_at).getTime(), i]
times = times.sort (a,b) -> b[0] - a[0]
cb (keywords[tuple[1]] for tuple in times)
# Do a parallel search on 'keywords', and call 'cb' with
# the keywords sorted in decreasing popular order.
# Determine popularity based on the time of the least
# recent tweet (since we always get 15 from Twitter).
rankPopularity = (keywords, cb) ->
parallelSearch keywords, (results) ->
times = for r,i in results
last = r[r.length - 1]
[(new Date last.created_at).getTime(), i]
times = times.sort (a,b) -> b[0] - a[0]
cb (keywords[tuple[1]] for tuple in times)
And a main block of code:
# Search for the most popular food and the most
# popular weather pattern in parallel.
w_list = [ "sun", "rain", "snow", "sleet" ]
f_list = [ "tacos", "burritos", "pizza", "shrooms" ]
await
rankPopularity w_list, defer weather
rankPopularity f_list, defer food
# If we got results for both, do a final search
if weather.length and food.length
await search "#{weather[0]}+#{food[0]}", defer tweets
msg = tweets[0]?.text
# Alert the results to the browser
alert if msg? then msg else "<nothing found>"
# Search for the most popular food and the most
# popular weather pattern in parallel.
w_list = [ "sun", "rain", "snow", "sleet" ]
f_list = [ "tacos", "burritos", "pizza", "shrooms" ]
o = {}
n_out = 0
nothing = "<nothing found>"
cb_generator = (field) ->
n_out++
(json) ->
o[field] = json
if --n_out is 0
# If we got results for both, do a final search
if o.weather.length and o.food.length
search "#{o.weather[0]}+#{o.food[0]}", (tweets) ->
# Alert the results to the browser
msg = tweets[0]?.text
alert if msg? then msg else nothing
else
alert nothing
rankPopularity w_list, cb_generator "weather"
rankPopularity f_list, cb_generator "food"
Again, let's ask the question, what happens if the synchronization requirements change slightly? As written, the two calls to rankPopularity fire in parallel, to minimize the latency the end-user experiences. Imagine the goal becomes to reduce server load? Then, we only want to issue the second call if the first succeeded. The code would be updated as follows:
w_list = [ "sun", "rain", "snow", "sleet" ]
f_list = [ "tacos", "burritos", "pizza", "shrooms" ]
await rankPopularity w_list, defer weather
if weather.length
await rankPopularity f_list, defer food
if weather.length and food.length
await search "#{weather[0]}+#{food[0]}", defer tweets
msg = tweets[0]?.text
alert if msg? then msg else "<nothing found>"
w_list = [ "sun", "rain", "snow", "sleet" ]
f_list = [ "tacos", "burritos", "pizza", "shrooms" ]
nothing = "<nothing found>"
rankPopularity w_list, (weather) ->
if weather.length
rankPopularity f_list, (food) ->
if weather.length and food.length
search "#{weather[0]}+#{food[0]}", (tweets)->
msg = tweets[0]?.text
alert if msg? then msg else nothing
else
alert nothing
else
alert nothing
The code on the right changed a lot more than the code on the left. Keep in mind, the more code you have to change, the more likely you are to introduce a (subtle) bug. The ICS compiler automatically manages the synchronization subtleties for you.
Putting it all together, we have code that works in your browser!
search = (keyword, cb) ->
host = "http://search.twitter.com/"
url = "#{host}/search.json?q=#{keyword}&callback=?"
await $.getJSON url, defer json
cb json.results
parallelSearch = (keywords, cb) ->
out = []
await
for k,i in keywords
search k, defer out[i]
cb out
rankPopularity = (keywords, cb) ->
await parallelSearch keywords, defer results
times = for r,i in results
last = r[r.length - 1]
[(new Date last.created_at).getTime(), i]
times = times.sort (a,b) -> b[0] - a[0]
cb (keywords[tuple[1]] for tuple in times)
w_list = [ "sun", "rain", "snow", "sleet" ]
f_list = [ "tacos", "burritos", "pizza", "shrooms" ]
await
rankPopularity w_list, defer weather
rankPopularity f_list, defer food
if weather.length and food.length
await search "#{weather[0]}+#{food[0]}", defer tweets
msg = tweets[0]?.text
alert if msg? then msg else "<nothing found>"
var f_list, food, msg, parallelSearch, rankPopularity, search, tweets, w_list, weather, __iced_deferrals, __iced_k, __iced_k_noop,
_this = this;
__iced_k = __iced_k_noop = function() {};
search = function(keyword, cb) {
var host, json, url, ___iced_passed_deferral, __iced_deferrals, __iced_k,
_this = this;
__iced_k = __iced_k_noop;
___iced_passed_deferral = iced.findDeferral(arguments);
host = "http://search.twitter.com/";
url = "" + host + "/search.json?q=" + keyword + "&callback=?";
(function(__iced_k) {
__iced_deferrals = new iced.Deferrals(__iced_k, {
parent: ___iced_passed_deferral,
filename: "documentation/coffee/iced_tw_full.coffee",
funcname: "search"
});
$.getJSON(url, __iced_deferrals.defer({
assign_fn: (function() {
return function() {
return json = arguments[0];
};
})(),
lineno: 3
}));
__iced_deferrals._fulfill();
})(function() {
return cb(json.results);
});
};
parallelSearch = function(keywords, cb) {
var i, k, out, ___iced_passed_deferral, __iced_deferrals, __iced_k,
_this = this;
__iced_k = __iced_k_noop;
___iced_passed_deferral = iced.findDeferral(arguments);
out = [];
(function(__iced_k) {
var _i, _len;
__iced_deferrals = new iced.Deferrals(__iced_k, {
parent: ___iced_passed_deferral,
filename: "documentation/coffee/iced_tw_full.coffee",
funcname: "parallelSearch"
});
for (i = _i = 0, _len = keywords.length; _i < _len; i = ++_i) {
k = keywords[i];
search(k, __iced_deferrals.defer({
assign_fn: (function(__slot_1, __slot_2) {
return function() {
return __slot_1[__slot_2] = arguments[0];
};
})(out, i),
lineno: 10
}));
}
__iced_deferrals._fulfill();
})(function() {
return cb(out);
});
};
rankPopularity = function(keywords, cb) {
var i, last, r, results, times, tuple, ___iced_passed_deferral, __iced_deferrals, __iced_k,
_this = this;
__iced_k = __iced_k_noop;
___iced_passed_deferral = iced.findDeferral(arguments);
(function(__iced_k) {
__iced_deferrals = new iced.Deferrals(__iced_k, {
parent: ___iced_passed_deferral,
filename: "documentation/coffee/iced_tw_full.coffee",
funcname: "rankPopularity"
});
parallelSearch(keywords, __iced_deferrals.defer({
assign_fn: (function() {
return function() {
return results = arguments[0];
};
})(),
lineno: 14
}));
__iced_deferrals._fulfill();
})(function() {
times = (function() {
var _i, _len, _results;
_results = [];
for (i = _i = 0, _len = results.length; _i < _len; i = ++_i) {
r = results[i];
last = r[r.length - 1];
_results.push([(new Date(last.created_at)).getTime(), i]);
}
return _results;
})();
times = times.sort(function(a, b) {
return b[0] - a[0];
});
return cb((function() {
var _i, _len, _results;
_results = [];
for (_i = 0, _len = times.length; _i < _len; _i++) {
tuple = times[_i];
_results.push(keywords[tuple[1]]);
}
return _results;
})());
});
};
w_list = ["sun", "rain", "snow", "sleet"];
f_list = ["tacos", "burritos", "pizza", "shrooms"];
(function(__iced_k) {
__iced_deferrals = new iced.Deferrals(__iced_k, {
filename: "documentation/coffee/iced_tw_full.coffee"
});
rankPopularity(w_list, __iced_deferrals.defer({
assign_fn: (function() {
return function() {
return weather = arguments[0];
};
})(),
lineno: 24
}));
rankPopularity(f_list, __iced_deferrals.defer({
assign_fn: (function() {
return function() {
return food = arguments[0];
};
})(),
lineno: 25
}));
__iced_deferrals._fulfill();
})(function() {
(function(__iced_k) {
if (weather.length && food.length) {
(function(__iced_k) {
__iced_deferrals = new iced.Deferrals(__iced_k, {
filename: "documentation/coffee/iced_tw_full.coffee"
});
search("" + weather[0] + "+" + food[0], __iced_deferrals.defer({
assign_fn: (function() {
return function() {
return tweets = arguments[0];
};
})(),
lineno: 28
}));
__iced_deferrals._fulfill();
})(function() {
var _ref;
return __iced_k(msg = (_ref = tweets[0]) != null ? _ref.text : void 0);
});
} else {
return __iced_k();
}
})(function() {
return alert(typeof msg !== "undefined" && msg !== null ? msg : "<nothing found>");
});
});
When thinking about hand-rolled asynchronous code, like the code on the right in these examples, we suggest asking two important questions: (1) is it sensible to read top-to-bottom; and (2) how much work is it to change if the synchronization requirements change.
ICS: Read More To learn more about the ICS implementation strategy, and extra features of the API, see the detailed documentation on github.
CoffeeScript on the left, compiled JavaScript output on the right.
# Assignment:
number = 42
opposite = true
# Conditions:
number = -42 if opposite
# Functions:
square = (x) -> x * x
# Arrays:
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# Objects:
math =
root: Math.sqrt
square: square
cube: (x) -> x * square x
# Splats:
race = (winner, runners...) ->
print winner, runners
# Existence:
alert "I knew it!" if elvis?
# Array comprehensions:
cubes = (math.cube num for num in list)
var cubes, list, math, num, number, opposite, race, square,
__slice = [].slice;
number = 42;
opposite = true;
if (opposite) {
number = -42;
}
square = function(x) {
return x * x;
};
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
math = {
root: Math.sqrt,
square: square,
cube: function(x) {
return x * square(x);
}
};
race = function() {
var runners, winner;
winner = arguments[0], runners = 2 <= arguments.length ? __slice.call(arguments, 1) : [];
return print(winner, runners);
};
if (typeof elvis !== "undefined" && elvis !== null) {
alert("I knew it!");
}
cubes = (function() {
var _i, _len, _results;
_results = [];
for (_i = 0, _len = list.length; _i < _len; _i++) {
num = list[_i];
_results.push(math.cube(num));
}
return _results;
})();
Once installed, you should have access to the iced command, which can execute scripts, compile .iced files into .js, and provide an interactive REPL. (Note that the iced command will also accept the .coffee extension). The iced command takes the following options:
-c, --compile |
Compile a .iced script into a .js JavaScript file of the same name. |
-i, --interactive |
Launch an interactive CoffeeScript session to try short snippets. Identical to calling iced with no arguments. |
-o, --output [DIR] |
Write out all compiled JavaScript files into the specified directory. Use in conjunction with --compile or --watch. |
-j, --join [FILE] |
Before compiling, concatenate all scripts together in the order they were passed, and write them into the specified file. Useful for building large projects. |
-w, --watch |
Watch files for changes, rerunning the specified command when any file is updated. |
-p, --print |
Instead of writing out the JavaScript as a file, print it directly to stdout. |
-l, --lint |
If the jsl
(JavaScript Lint)
command is installed, use it
to check the compilation of a CoffeeScript file. (Handy in
conjunction with --watch) |
-s, --stdio |
Pipe in CoffeeScript to STDIN and get back JavaScript over STDOUT.
Good for use with processes written in other languages. An example: cat src/cake.coffee | iced -sc |
-e, --eval |
Compile and print a little snippet of CoffeeScript directly from the
command line. For example: iced -e "console.log num for num in [10..1]" |
-r, --require |
Load a library before compiling or executing your script. Can be used to hook in to the compiler (to add Growl notifications, for example). |
-b, --bare |
Compile the JavaScript without the top-level function safety wrapper. |
-t, --tokens |
Instead of parsing the CoffeeScript, just lex it, and print out the token stream: [IDENTIFIER square] [ASSIGN =] [PARAM_START (] ... |
-n, --nodes |
Instead of compiling the CoffeeScript, just lex and parse it, and print
out the parse tree:
Expressions Assign Value "square" Code "x" Op * Value "x" Value "x" |
-I, --runtime [MODE] |
An IcedCoffeeScript addition, specify how the Iced runtime is included in the output JavaScript file. mode can be one of node, inline, none, or window, and the default is node. In node mode, emit a Node.js iced = require('iced-coffee-script').iced fragment. If inline is specified, then paste a simplified version of the runtime directly into the file (but only if there's Iced code in the input file). If none is specified, do nothing. If window is specified, make inline a runtime and assigned it to window.iced, so that other fragments later in the file don't need it. |
--nodejs |
The node executable has some useful options you can set,
such as --debug, --debug-brk and --max-stack-size. Use this flag to forward options directly to Node.js. |
Examples:
This reference is structured so that it can be read from top to bottom, if you like. Early sections focus on new/forked ICS features. Later sections use ideas and syntax previously introduced. Familiarity with JavaScript is assumed. In all of the following examples, the source CoffeeScript is provided on the left, and the direct compilation into JavaScript is on the right.
Many of the examples can be run (where it makes sense) by pressing the run button on the right, and can be loaded into the "Try It" console by pressing the load button on the left.
First, the basics: CoffeeScript uses significant whitespace to delimit blocks of code. You don't need to use semicolons ; to terminate expressions, ending the line will do just as well (although semicolons can still be used to fit multiple expressions onto a single line). Instead of using curly braces { } to surround blocks of code in functions, if-statements, switch, and try/catch, use indentation.
You don't need to use parentheses to invoke a function if you're passing
arguments. The implicit call wraps forward to the end of the line or block expression.
console.log sys.inspect object → console.log(sys.inspect(object));
Functions Functions are defined by an optional list of parameters in parentheses, an arrow, and the function body. The empty function looks like this: ->
square = (x) -> x * x
cube = (x) -> square(x) * x
var cube, square;
square = function(x) {
return x * x;
};
cube = function(x) {
return square(x) * x;
};
Functions may also have default values for arguments. Override the default value by passing a non-null argument.
fill = (container, liquid = "coffee") ->
"Filling the #{container} with #{liquid}..."
var fill;
fill = function(container, liquid) {
if (liquid == null) {
liquid = "coffee";
}
return "Filling the " + container + " with " + liquid + "...";
};
Objects and Arrays The CoffeeScript literals for objects and arrays look very similar to their JavaScript cousins. When each property is listed on its own line, the commas are optional. Objects may be created using indentation instead of explicit braces, similar to YAML.
song = ["do", "re", "mi", "fa", "so"]
singers = {Jagger: "Rock", Elvis: "Roll"}
bitlist = [
1, 0, 1
0, 0, 1
1, 1, 0
]
kids =
brother:
name: "Max"
age: 11
sister:
name: "Ida"
age: 9
var bitlist, kids, singers, song;
song = ["do", "re", "mi", "fa", "so"];
singers = {
Jagger: "Rock",
Elvis: "Roll"
};
bitlist = [1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0];
kids = {
brother: {
name: "Max",
age: 11
},
sister: {
name: "Ida",
age: 9
}
};
In JavaScript, you can't use reserved words, like class, as properties of an object, without quoting them as strings. CoffeeScript notices reserved words used as keys in objects and quotes them for you, so you don't have to worry about it (say, when using jQuery).
$('.account').attr class: 'active'
log object.class
$('.account').attr({
"class": 'active'
});
log(object["class"]);
Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety The CoffeeScript compiler takes care to make sure that all of your variables are properly declared within lexical scope — you never need to write var yourself.
outer = 1
changeNumbers = ->
inner = -1
outer = 10
inner = changeNumbers()
var changeNumbers, inner, outer;
outer = 1;
changeNumbers = function() {
var inner;
inner = -1;
return outer = 10;
};
inner = changeNumbers();
Notice how all of the variable declarations have been pushed up to the top of the closest scope, the first time they appear. outer is not redeclared within the inner function, because it's already in scope; inner within the function, on the other hand, should not be able to change the value of the external variable of the same name, and therefore has a declaration of its own.
This behavior is effectively identical to Ruby's scope for local variables. Because you don't have direct access to the var keyword, it's impossible to shadow an outer variable on purpose, you may only refer to it. So be careful that you're not reusing the name of an external variable accidentally, if you're writing a deeply nested function.
Although suppressed within this documentation for clarity, all CoffeeScript output is wrapped in an anonymous function: (function(){ ... })(); This safety wrapper, combined with the automatic generation of the var keyword, make it exceedingly difficult to pollute the global namespace by accident.
If you'd like to create top-level variables for other scripts to use, attach them as properties on window, or on the exports object in CommonJS. The existential operator (covered below), gives you a reliable way to figure out where to add them; if you're targeting both CommonJS and the browser: exports ? this
If, Else, Unless, and Conditional Assignment If/else statements can be written without the use of parentheses and curly brackets. As with functions and other block expressions, multi-line conditionals are delimited by indentation. There's also a handy postfix form, with the if or unless at the end.
CoffeeScript can compile if statements into JavaScript expressions, using the ternary operator when possible, and closure wrapping otherwise. There is no explicit ternary statement in CoffeeScript — you simply use a regular if statement on a single line.
mood = greatlyImproved if singing
if happy and knowsIt
clapsHands()
chaChaCha()
else
showIt()
date = if friday then sue else jill
var date, mood;
if (singing) {
mood = greatlyImproved;
}
if (happy && knowsIt) {
clapsHands();
chaChaCha();
} else {
showIt();
}
date = friday ? sue : jill;
Splats... The JavaScript arguments object is a useful way to work with functions that accept variable numbers of arguments. CoffeeScript provides splats ..., both for function definition as well as invocation, making variable numbers of arguments a little bit more palatable.
gold = silver = rest = "unknown"
awardMedals = (first, second, others...) ->
gold = first
silver = second
rest = others
contenders = [
"Michael Phelps"
"Liu Xiang"
"Yao Ming"
"Allyson Felix"
"Shawn Johnson"
"Roman Sebrle"
"Guo Jingjing"
"Tyson Gay"
"Asafa Powell"
"Usain Bolt"
]
awardMedals contenders...
alert "Gold: " + gold
alert "Silver: " + silver
alert "The Field: " + rest
var awardMedals, contenders, gold, rest, silver,
__slice = [].slice;
gold = silver = rest = "unknown";
awardMedals = function() {
var first, others, second;
first = arguments[0], second = arguments[1], others = 3 <= arguments.length ? __slice.call(arguments, 2) : [];
gold = first;
silver = second;
return rest = others;
};
contenders = ["Michael Phelps", "Liu Xiang", "Yao Ming", "Allyson Felix", "Shawn Johnson", "Roman Sebrle", "Guo Jingjing", "Tyson Gay", "Asafa Powell", "Usain Bolt"];
awardMedals.apply(null, contenders);
alert("Gold: " + gold);
alert("Silver: " + silver);
alert("The Field: " + rest);
Loops and Comprehensions Most of the loops you'll write in CoffeeScript will be comprehensions over arrays, objects, and ranges. Comprehensions replace (and compile into) for loops, with optional guard clauses and the value of the current array index. Unlike for loops, array comprehensions are expressions, and can be returned and assigned.
# Eat lunch.
eat food for food in ['toast', 'cheese', 'wine']
# Fine five course dining.
courses = ['greens', 'caviar', 'truffles', 'roast', 'cake']
menu i + 1, dish for dish, i in courses
# Health conscious meal.
foods = ['broccoli', 'spinach', 'chocolate']
eat food for food in foods when food isnt 'chocolate'
var courses, dish, food, foods, i, _i, _j, _k, _len, _len1, _len2, _ref;
_ref = ['toast', 'cheese', 'wine'];
for (_i = 0, _len = _ref.length; _i < _len; _i++) {
food = _ref[_i];
eat(food);
}
courses = ['greens', 'caviar', 'truffles', 'roast', 'cake'];
for (i = _j = 0, _len1 = courses.length; _j < _len1; i = ++_j) {
dish = courses[i];
menu(i + 1, dish);
}
foods = ['broccoli', 'spinach', 'chocolate'];
for (_k = 0, _len2 = foods.length; _k < _len2; _k++) {
food = foods[_k];
if (food !== 'chocolate') {
eat(food);
}
}
Comprehensions should be able to handle most places where you otherwise
would use a loop, each/forEach, map, or select/filter, for example:
shortNames = (name for name in list when name.length < 5)
If you know the start and end of your loop, or would like to step through
in fixed-size increments, you can use a range to specify the start and
end of your comprehension.
countdown = (num for num in [10..1])
var countdown, num;
countdown = (function() {
var _i, _results;
_results = [];
for (num = _i = 10; _i >= 1; num = --_i) {
_results.push(num);
}
return _results;
})();
Note how because we are assigning the value of the comprehensions to a variable in the example above, CoffeeScript is collecting the result of each iteration into an array. Sometimes functions end with loops that are intended to run only for their side-effects. Be careful that you're not accidentally returning the results of the comprehension in these cases, by adding a meaningful return value — like true — or null, to the bottom of your function.
To step through a range comprehension in fixed-size chunks,
use by, for example:
evens = (x for x in [0..10] by 2)
Comprehensions can also be used to iterate over the keys and values in an object. Use of to signal comprehension over the properties of an object instead of the values in an array.
yearsOld = max: 10, ida: 9, tim: 11
ages = for child, age of yearsOld
"#{child} is #{age}"
var age, ages, child, yearsOld;
yearsOld = {
max: 10,
ida: 9,
tim: 11
};
ages = (function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
for (child in yearsOld) {
age = yearsOld[child];
_results.push("" + child + " is " + age);
}
return _results;
})();
If you would like to iterate over just the keys that are defined on the
object itself, by adding a hasOwnProperty
check to avoid properties that may be inherited from the prototype, use
for own key, value of object
The only low-level loop that CoffeeScript provides is the while loop. The main difference from JavaScript is that the while loop can be used as an expression, returning an array containing the result of each iteration through the loop.
# Econ 101
if this.studyingEconomics
buy() while supply > demand
sell() until supply > demand
# Nursery Rhyme
num = 6
lyrics = while num -= 1
"#{num} little monkeys, jumping on the bed.
One fell out and bumped his head."
var lyrics, num;
if (this.studyingEconomics) {
while (supply > demand) {
buy();
}
while (!(supply > demand)) {
sell();
}
}
num = 6;
lyrics = (function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
while (num -= 1) {
_results.push("" + num + " little monkeys, jumping on the bed. One fell out and bumped his head.");
}
return _results;
})();
For readability, the until keyword is equivalent to while not, and the loop keyword is equivalent to while true.
When using a JavaScript loop to generate functions, it's common to insert a closure wrapper in order to ensure that loop variables are closed over, and all the generated functions don't just share the final values. CoffeeScript provides the do keyword, which immediately invokes a passed function, forwarding any arguments.
for filename in list
do (filename) ->
fs.readFile filename, (err, contents) ->
compile filename, contents.toString()
var filename, _fn, _i, _len;
_fn = function(filename) {
return fs.readFile(filename, function(err, contents) {
return compile(filename, contents.toString());
});
};
for (_i = 0, _len = list.length; _i < _len; _i++) {
filename = list[_i];
_fn(filename);
}
Array Slicing and Splicing with Ranges Ranges can also be used to extract slices of arrays. With two dots (3..6), the range is inclusive (3, 4, 5, 6); with three dots (3...6), the range excludes the end (3, 4, 5).
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
start = numbers[0..2]
middle = numbers[3...6]
end = numbers[6..]
copy = numbers[..]
var copy, end, middle, numbers, start;
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
start = numbers.slice(0, 3);
middle = numbers.slice(3, 6);
end = numbers.slice(6);
copy = numbers.slice(0);
The same syntax can be used with assignment to replace a segment of an array with new values, splicing it.
numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
numbers[3..6] = [-3, -4, -5, -6]
var numbers, _ref;
numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
[].splice.apply(numbers, [3, 4].concat(_ref = [-3, -4, -5, -6])), _ref;
Note that JavaScript strings are immutable, and can't be spliced.
Everything is an Expression (at least, as much as possible) You might have noticed how even though we don't add return statements to CoffeeScript functions, they nonetheless return their final value. The CoffeeScript compiler tries to make sure that all statements in the language can be used as expressions. Watch how the return gets pushed down into each possible branch of execution in the function below.
grade = (student) ->
if student.excellentWork
"A+"
else if student.okayStuff
if student.triedHard then "B" else "B-"
else
"C"
eldest = if 24 > 21 then "Liz" else "Ike"
var eldest, grade;
grade = function(student) {
if (student.excellentWork) {
return "A+";
} else if (student.okayStuff) {
if (student.triedHard) {
return "B";
} else {
return "B-";
}
} else {
return "C";
}
};
eldest = 24 > 21 ? "Liz" : "Ike";
Even though functions will always return their final value, it's both possible and encouraged to return early from a function body writing out the explicit return (return value), when you know that you're done.
Because variable declarations occur at the top of scope, assignment can be used within expressions, even for variables that haven't been seen before:
six = (one = 1) + (two = 2) + (three = 3)
var one, six, three, two;
six = (one = 1) + (two = 2) + (three = 3);
Things that would otherwise be statements in JavaScript, when used as part of an expression in CoffeeScript, are converted into expressions by wrapping them in a closure. This lets you do useful things, like assign the result of a comprehension to a variable:
# The first ten global properties.
globals = (name for name of window)[0...10]
var globals, name;
globals = ((function() {
var _results;
_results = [];
for (name in window) {
_results.push(name);
}
return _results;
})()).slice(0, 10);
As well as silly things, like passing a try/catch statement directly into a function call:
alert(
try
nonexistent / undefined
catch error
"And the error is ... #{error}"
)
var error;
alert((function() {
try {
return nonexistent / void 0;
} catch (_error) {
error = _error;
return "And the error is ... " + error;
}
})());
There are a handful of statements in JavaScript that can't be meaningfully converted into expressions, namely break, continue, and return. If you make use of them within a block of code, CoffeeScript won't try to perform the conversion.
Operators and Aliases Because the == operator frequently causes undesirable coercion, is intransitive, and has a different meaning than in other languages, CoffeeScript compiles == into ===, and != into !==. In addition, is compiles into ===, and isnt into !==.
You can use not as an alias for !.
For logic, and compiles to &&, and or into ||.
Instead of a newline or semicolon, then can be used to separate conditions from expressions, in while, if/else, and switch/when statements.
As in YAML, on and yes are the same as boolean true, while off and no are boolean false.
unless can be used as the inverse of if.
As a shortcut for this.property, you can use @property.
You can use in to test for array presence, and of to test for JavaScript object-key presence.
All together now:
CoffeeScript | JavaScript |
---|---|
is | === |
isnt | !== |
not | ! |
and | && |
or | || |
true, yes, on | true |
false, no, off | false |
@, this | this |
of | in |
in | no JS equivalent |
launch() if ignition is on
volume = 10 if band isnt SpinalTap
letTheWildRumpusBegin() unless answer is no
if car.speed < limit then accelerate()
winner = yes if pick in [47, 92, 13]
print inspect "My name is #{@name}"
var volume, winner;
if (ignition === true) {
launch();
}
if (band !== SpinalTap) {
volume = 10;
}
if (answer !== false) {
letTheWildRumpusBegin();
}
if (car.speed < limit) {
accelerate();
}
if (pick === 47 || pick === 92 || pick === 13) {
winner = true;
}
print(inspect("My name is " + this.name));
The Existential Operator It's a little difficult to check for the existence of a variable in JavaScript. if (variable) ... comes close, but fails for zero, the empty string, and false. CoffeeScript's existential operator ? returns true unless a variable is null or undefined, which makes it analogous to Ruby's nil?
It can also be used for safer conditional assignment than ||= provides, for cases where you may be handling numbers or strings.
solipsism = true if mind? and not world?
speed = 0
speed ?= 15
footprints = yeti ? "bear"
var footprints, solipsism, speed;
if ((typeof mind !== "undefined" && mind !== null) && (typeof world === "undefined" || world === null)) {
solipsism = true;
}
speed = 0;
if (speed == null) {
speed = 15;
}
footprints = typeof yeti !== "undefined" && yeti !== null ? yeti : "bear";
The accessor variant of the existential operator ?. can be used to soak up null references in a chain of properties. Use it instead of the dot accessor . in cases where the base value may be null or undefined. If all of the properties exist then you'll get the expected result, if the chain is broken, undefined is returned instead of the TypeError that would be raised otherwise.
zip = lottery.drawWinner?().address?.zipcode
var zip, _ref;
zip = typeof lottery.drawWinner === "function" ? (_ref = lottery.drawWinner().address) != null ? _ref.zipcode : void 0 : void 0;
Soaking up nulls is similar to Ruby's andand gem, and to the safe navigation operator in Groovy.
Classes, Inheritance, and Super JavaScript's prototypal inheritance has always been a bit of a brain-bender, with a whole family tree of libraries that provide a cleaner syntax for classical inheritance on top of JavaScript's prototypes: Base2, Prototype.js, JS.Class, etc. The libraries provide syntactic sugar, but the built-in inheritance would be completely usable if it weren't for a couple of small exceptions: it's awkward to call super (the prototype object's implementation of the current function), and it's awkward to correctly set the prototype chain.
Instead of repetitively attaching functions to a prototype, CoffeeScript provides a basic class structure that allows you to name your class, set the superclass, assign prototypal properties, and define the constructor, in a single assignable expression.
Constructor functions are named, to better support helpful stack traces. In the first class in the example below, this.constructor.name is "Animal".
class Animal
constructor: (@name) ->
move: (meters) ->
alert @name + " moved #{meters}m."
class Snake extends Animal
move: ->
alert "Slithering..."
super 5
class Horse extends Animal
move: ->
alert "Galloping..."
super 45
sam = new Snake "Sammy the Python"
tom = new Horse "Tommy the Palomino"
sam.move()
tom.move()
var Animal, Horse, Snake, sam, tom, _ref, _ref1,
__hasProp = {}.hasOwnProperty,
__extends = function(child, parent) { for (var key in parent) { if (__hasProp.call(parent, key)) child[key] = parent[key]; } function ctor() { this.constructor = child; } ctor.prototype = parent.prototype; child.prototype = new ctor(); child.__super__ = parent.prototype; return child; };
Animal = (function() {
function Animal(name) {
this.name = name;
}
Animal.prototype.move = function(meters) {
return alert(this.name + (" moved " + meters + "m."));
};
return Animal;
})();
Snake = (function(_super) {
__extends(Snake, _super);
function Snake() {
_ref = Snake.__super__.constructor.apply(this, arguments);
return _ref;
}
Snake.prototype.move = function() {
alert("Slithering...");
return Snake.__super__.move.call(this, 5);
};
return Snake;
})(Animal);
Horse = (function(_super) {
__extends(Horse, _super);
function Horse() {
_ref1 = Horse.__super__.constructor.apply(this, arguments);
return _ref1;
}
Horse.prototype.move = function() {
alert("Galloping...");
return Horse.__super__.move.call(this, 45);
};
return Horse;
})(Animal);
sam = new Snake("Sammy the Python");
tom = new Horse("Tommy the Palomino");
sam.move();
tom.move();
If structuring your prototypes classically isn't your cup of tea, CoffeeScript provides a couple of lower-level conveniences. The extends operator helps with proper prototype setup, and can be used to create an inheritance chain between any pair of constructor functions; :: gives you quick access to an object's prototype; and super() is converted into a call against the immediate ancestor's method of the same name.
String::dasherize = ->
this.replace /_/g, "-"
String.prototype.dasherize = function() {
return this.replace(/_/g, "-");
};
Finally, class definitions are blocks of executable code, which make for interesting
metaprogramming possibilities. Because in the context of a class definition,
this is the class object itself (the constructor function), you
can assign static properties by using
@property: value, and call
functions defined in parent classes: @attr 'title', type: 'text'
Destructuring Assignment To make extracting values from complex arrays and objects more convenient, CoffeeScript implements ECMAScript Harmony's proposed destructuring assignment syntax. When you assign an array or object literal to a value, CoffeeScript breaks up and matches both sides against each other, assigning the values on the right to the variables on the left. In the simplest case, it can be used for parallel assignment:
theBait = 1000
theSwitch = 0
[theBait, theSwitch] = [theSwitch, theBait]
var theBait, theSwitch, _ref;
theBait = 1000;
theSwitch = 0;
_ref = [theSwitch, theBait], theBait = _ref[0], theSwitch = _ref[1];
But it's also helpful for dealing with functions that return multiple values.
weatherReport = (location) ->
# Make an Ajax request to fetch the weather...
[location, 72, "Mostly Sunny"]
[city, temp, forecast] = weatherReport "Berkeley, CA"
var city, forecast, temp, weatherReport, _ref;
weatherReport = function(location) {
return [location, 72, "Mostly Sunny"];
};
_ref = weatherReport("Berkeley, CA"), city = _ref[0], temp = _ref[1], forecast = _ref[2];
Destructuring assignment can be used with any depth of array and object nesting, to help pull out deeply nested properties.
futurists =
sculptor: "Umberto Boccioni"
painter: "Vladimir Burliuk"
poet:
name: "F.T. Marinetti"
address: [
"Via Roma 42R"
"Bellagio, Italy 22021"
]
{poet: {name, address: [street, city]}} = futurists
var city, futurists, name, street, _ref, _ref1;
futurists = {
sculptor: "Umberto Boccioni",
painter: "Vladimir Burliuk",
poet: {
name: "F.T. Marinetti",
address: ["Via Roma 42R", "Bellagio, Italy 22021"]
}
};
_ref = futurists.poet, name = _ref.name, (_ref1 = _ref.address, street = _ref1[0], city = _ref1[1]);
Destructuring assignment can even be combined with splats.
tag = "<impossible>"
[open, contents..., close] = tag.split("")
var close, contents, open, tag, _i, _ref,
__slice = [].slice;
tag = "<impossible>";
_ref = tag.split(""), open = _ref[0], contents = 3 <= _ref.length ? __slice.call(_ref, 1, _i = _ref.length - 1) : (_i = 1, []), close = _ref[_i++];
Function binding In JavaScript, the this keyword is dynamically scoped to mean the object that the current function is attached to. If you pass a function as a callback or attach it to a different object, the original value of this will be lost. If you're not familiar with this behavior, this Digital Web article gives a good overview of the quirks.
The fat arrow => can be used to both define a function, and to bind it to the current value of this, right on the spot. This is helpful when using callback-based libraries like Prototype or jQuery, for creating iterator functions to pass to each, or event-handler functions to use with bind. Functions created with the fat arrow are able to access properties of the this where they're defined.
Account = (customer, cart) ->
@customer = customer
@cart = cart
$('.shopping_cart').bind 'click', (event) =>
@customer.purchase @cart
var Account;
Account = function(customer, cart) {
var _this = this;
this.customer = customer;
this.cart = cart;
return $('.shopping_cart').bind('click', function(event) {
return _this.customer.purchase(_this.cart);
});
};
If we had used -> in the callback above, @customer would have referred to the undefined "customer" property of the DOM element, and trying to call purchase() on it would have raised an exception.
When used in a class definition, methods declared with the fat arrow will be automatically bound to each instance of the class when the instance is constructed.
Embedded JavaScript Hopefully, you'll never need to use it, but if you ever need to intersperse snippets of JavaScript within your CoffeeScript, you can use backticks to pass it straight through.
hi = `function() {
return [document.title, "Hello JavaScript"].join(": ");
}`
var hi;
hi = function() {
return [document.title, "Hello JavaScript"].join(": ");
};
Switch/When/Else Switch statements in JavaScript are a bit awkward. You need to remember to break at the end of every case statement to avoid accidentally falling through to the default case. CoffeeScript prevents accidental fall-through, and can convert the switch into a returnable, assignable expression. The format is: switch condition, when clauses, else the default case.
As in Ruby, switch statements in CoffeeScript can take multiple values for each when clause. If any of the values match, the clause runs.
switch day
when "Mon" then go work
when "Tue" then go relax
when "Thu" then go iceFishing
when "Fri", "Sat"
if day is bingoDay
go bingo
go dancing
when "Sun" then go church
else go work
switch (day) {
case "Mon":
go(work);
break;
case "Tue":
go(relax);
break;
case "Thu":
go(iceFishing);
break;
case "Fri":
case "Sat":
if (day === bingoDay) {
go(bingo);
go(dancing);
}
break;
case "Sun":
go(church);
break;
default:
go(work);
}
Try/Catch/Finally Try/catch statements are just about the same as JavaScript (although they work as expressions).
try
allHellBreaksLoose()
catsAndDogsLivingTogether()
catch error
print error
finally
cleanUp()
var error;
try {
allHellBreaksLoose();
catsAndDogsLivingTogether();
} catch (_error) {
error = _error;
print(error);
} finally {
cleanUp();
}
Chained Comparisons CoffeeScript borrows chained comparisons from Python — making it easy to test if a value falls within a certain range.
cholesterol = 127
healthy = 200 > cholesterol > 60
var cholesterol, healthy;
cholesterol = 127;
healthy = (200 > cholesterol && cholesterol > 60);
String Interpolation, Block Strings, and Block Comments Ruby-style string interpolation is included in CoffeeScript. Double-quoted strings allow for interpolated values, using #{ ... }, and single-quoted strings are literal.
author = "Wittgenstein"
quote = "A picture is a fact. -- #{ author }"
sentence = "#{ 22 / 7 } is a decent approximation of π"
var author, quote, sentence;
author = "Wittgenstein";
quote = "A picture is a fact. -- " + author;
sentence = "" + (22 / 7) + " is a decent approximation of π";
Multiline strings are allowed in CoffeeScript.
mobyDick = "Call me Ishmael. Some years ago --
never mind how long precisely -- having little
or no money in my purse, and nothing particular
to interest me on shore, I thought I would sail
about a little and see the watery part of the
world..."
var mobyDick;
mobyDick = "Call me Ishmael. Some years ago -- never mind how long precisely -- having little or no money in my purse, and nothing particular to interest me on shore, I thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of the world...";
Block strings can be used to hold formatted or indentation-sensitive text (or, if you just don't feel like escaping quotes and apostrophes). The indentation level that begins the block is maintained throughout, so you can keep it all aligned with the body of your code.
html = """
<strong>
cup of coffeescript
</strong>
"""
var html;
html = "<strong>\n cup of coffeescript\n</strong>";
Double-quoted block strings, like other double-quoted strings, allow interpolation.
Sometimes you'd like to pass a block comment through to the generated JavaScript. For example, when you need to embed a licensing header at the top of a file. Block comments, which mirror the syntax for block strings, are preserved in the generated code.
###
SkinnyMochaHalfCaffScript Compiler v1.0
Released under the MIT License
###
/*
SkinnyMochaHalfCaffScript Compiler v1.0
Released under the MIT License
*/
Block Regular Expressions Similar to block strings and comments, CoffeeScript supports block regexes — extended regular expressions that ignore internal whitespace and can contain comments and interpolation. Modeled after Perl's /x modifier, CoffeeSctipt's block regexes are delimited by /// and go a long way towards making complex regular expressions readable. To quote from the CoffeeScript source:
OPERATOR = /// ^ (
?: [-=]> # function
| [-+*/%<>&|^!?=]= # compound assign / compare
| >>>=? # zero-fill right shift
| ([-+:])\1 # doubles
| ([&|<>])\2=? # logic / shift
| \?\. # soak access
| \.{2,3} # range or splat
) ///
var OPERATOR;
OPERATOR = /^(?:[-=]>|[-+*\/%<>&|^!?=]=|>>>=?|([-+:])\1|([&|<>])\2=?|\?\.|\.{2,3})/;
CoffeeScript includes a (very) simple build system similar to Make and Rake. Naturally, it's called Cake, and is used for the tasks that build and test the CoffeeScript language itself. Tasks are defined in a file named Cakefile, and can be invoked by running cake [task] from within the directory. To print a list of all the tasks and options, just type cake.
Task definitions are written in CoffeeScript, so you can put arbitrary code in your Cakefile. Define a task with a name, a long description, and the function to invoke when the task is run. If your task takes a command-line option, you can define the option with short and long flags, and it will be made available in the options object. Here's a task that uses the Node.js API to rebuild CoffeeScript's parser:
fs = require 'fs'
option '-o', '--output [DIR]', 'directory for compiled code'
task 'build:parser', 'rebuild the Jison parser', (options) ->
require 'jison'
code = require('./lib/grammar').parser.generate()
dir = options.output or 'lib'
fs.writeFile "#{dir}/parser.js", code
var fs;
fs = require('fs');
option('-o', '--output [DIR]', 'directory for compiled code');
task('build:parser', 'rebuild the Jison parser', function(options) {
var code, dir;
require('jison');
code = require('./lib/grammar').parser.generate();
dir = options.output || 'lib';
return fs.writeFile("" + dir + "/parser.js", code);
});
If you need to invoke one task before another — for example, running build before test, you can use the invoke function: invoke 'build'. Cake tasks are a minimal way to expose your CoffeeScript functions to the command line, so don't expect any fanciness built-in. If you need dependencies, or async callbacks, it's best to put them in your code itself — not the cake task.
While it's not recommended for serious use, CoffeeScripts may be included directly within the browser using <script type="text/coffeescript"> tags. The source includes a compressed and minified version of the compiler (Download current version here, 39k when gzipped) as extras/coffee-script.js. Include this file on a page with inline CoffeeScript tags, and it will compile and evaluate them in order.
In fact, the little bit of glue script that runs "Try It" above, as well as the jQuery for the menu, is implemented in just this way. View source and look at the bottom of the page to see the example. Including the script also gives you access to CoffeeScript.compile() so you can pop open Firebug and try compiling some strings.
The usual caveats about CoffeeScript apply — your inline scripts will run within a closure wrapper, so if you want to expose global variables or functions, attach them to the window object.
There are a number of excellent resources to help you get started with CoffeeScript, some of which are freely available online.
The best list of open-source CoffeeScript examples can be found on GitHub. But just to throw out few more:
Quick help and advice can usually be found in the CoffeeScript IRC room. Join #coffeescript on irc.freenode.net, or click the button below to open a webchat session on this page.
1.1.2 Fixes for block comment formatting, ?= compilation, implicit calls against control structures, implicit invocation of a try/catch block, variadic arguments leaking from local scope, line numbers in syntax errors following heregexes, property access on parenthesized number literals, bound class methods and super with reserved names, a REPL overhaul, consecutive compiled semicolons, block comments in implicitly called objects, and a Chrome bug.
1.1.1
Bugfix release for classes with external constructor functions, see issue #1182.1.1.0
When running via the coffee executable, process.argv and friends now report coffee instead of node. Better compatibility with Node.js 0.4.x module lookup changes. The output in the REPL is now colorized, like Node's is. Giving your concatenated CoffeeScripts a name when using --join is now mandatory. Fix for lexing compound division /= as a regex accidentally. All text/coffeescript tags should now execute in the order they're included. Fixed an issue with extended subclasses using external constructor functions. Fixed an edge-case infinite loop in addImplicitParentheses. Fixed exponential slowdown with long chains of function calls. Globals no longer leak into the CoffeeScript REPL. Splatted parameters are declared local to the function.1.0.1
Fixed a lexer bug with Unicode identifiers. Updated REPL for compatibility with Node.js 0.3.7. Fixed requiring relative paths in the REPL. Trailing return and return undefined are now optimized away. Stopped requiring the core Node.js "util" module for back-compatibility with Node.js 0.2.5. Fixed a case where a conditional return would cause fallthrough in a switch statement. Optimized empty objects in destructuring assignment.1.0.0
CoffeeScript loops no longer try to preserve block scope when functions are being generated within the loop body. Instead, you can use the do keyword to create a convenient closure wrapper. Added a --nodejs flag for passing through options directly to the node executable. Better behavior around the use of pure statements within expressions. Fixed inclusive slicing through -1, for all browsers, and splicing with arbitrary expressions as endpoints.0.9.6
The REPL now properly formats stacktraces, and stays alive through asynchronous exceptions. Using --watch now prints timestamps as files are compiled. Fixed some accidentally-leaking variables within plucked closure-loops. Constructors now maintain their declaration location within a class body. Dynamic object keys were removed. Nested classes are now supported. Fixes execution context for naked splatted functions. Bugfix for inversion of chained comparisons. Chained class instantiation now works properly with splats.
0.9.5
Coco
dialect of CoffeeScript. Heregexes (extended regexes) were added. Functions
can now have default arguments. Class bodies are now executable code.
Improved syntax errors for invalid CoffeeScript. undefined now
works like null, and cannot be assigned a new value.
There was a precedence change with respect to single-line comprehensions:
result = i for i in list
used to parse as result = (i for i in list)
by default ... it now parses as
(result = i) for i in list.
0.9.4
CoffeeScript now uses appropriately-named temporary variables, and recycles their references after use. Added require.extensions support for Node.js 0.3. Loading CoffeeScript in the browser now adds just a single CoffeeScript object to global scope. Fixes for implicit object and block comment edge cases.0.9.3
CoffeeScript switch statements now compile into JS switch statements — they previously compiled into if/else chains for JavaScript 1.3 compatibility. Soaking a function invocation is now supported. Users of the RubyMine editor should now be able to use --watch mode.0.9.2
Specifying the start and end of a range literal is now optional, eg. array[3..]. You can now say a not instanceof b. Fixed important bugs with nested significant and non-significant indentation (Issue #637). Added a --require flag that allows you to hook into the coffee command. Added a custom jsl.conf file for our preferred JavaScriptLint setup. Sped up Jison grammar compilation time by flattening rules for operations. Block comments can now be used with JavaScript-minifier-friendly syntax. Added JavaScript's compound assignment bitwise operators. Bugfixes to implicit object literals with leading number and string keys, as the subject of implicit calls, and as part of compound assignment.0.9.1
Bugfix release for 0.9.1. Greatly improves the handling of mixed implicit objects, implicit function calls, and implicit indentation. String and regex interpolation is now strictly #{ ... } (Ruby style). The compiler now takes a --require flag, which specifies scripts to run before compilation.0.9.0
The CoffeeScript 0.9 series is considered to be a release candidate for 1.0; let's give her a shakedown cruise. 0.9.0 introduces a massive backwards-incompatible change: Assignment now uses =, and object literals use :, as in JavaScript. This allows us to have implicit object literals, and YAML-style object definitions. Half assignments are removed, in favor of +=, or=, and friends. Interpolation now uses a hash mark # instead of the dollar sign $ — because dollar signs may be part of a valid JS identifier. Downwards range comprehensions are now safe again, and are optimized to straight for loops when created with integer endpoints. A fast, unguarded form of object comprehension was added: for all key, value of object. Mentioning the super keyword with no arguments now forwards all arguments passed to the function, as in Ruby. If you extend class B from parent class A, if A has an extended method defined, it will be called, passing in B — this enables static inheritance, among other things. Cleaner output for functions bound with the fat arrow. @variables can now be used in parameter lists, with the parameter being automatically set as a property on the object — useful in constructors and setter functions. Constructor functions can now take splats.0.7.2
Quick bugfix (right after 0.7.1) for a problem that prevented coffee command-line options from being parsed in some circumstances.0.7.1
Block-style comments are now passed through and printed as JavaScript block comments -- making them useful for licenses and copyright headers. Better support for running coffee scripts standalone via hashbangs. Improved syntax errors for tokens that are not in the grammar.0.7.0
Official CoffeeScript variable style is now camelCase, as in JavaScript. Reserved words are now allowed as object keys, and will be quoted for you. Range comprehensions now generate cleaner code, but you have to specify by -1 if you'd like to iterate downward. Reporting of syntax errors is greatly improved from the previous release. Running coffee with no arguments now launches the REPL, with Readline support. The <- bind operator has been removed from CoffeeScript. The loop keyword was added, which is equivalent to a while true loop. Comprehensions that contain closures will now close over their variables, like the semantics of a forEach. You can now use bound function in class definitions (bound to the instance). For consistency, a in b is now an array presence check, and a of b is an object-key check. Comments are no longer passed through to the generated JavaScript.0.6.2
The coffee command will now preserve directory structure when compiling a directory full of scripts. Fixed two omissions that were preventing the CoffeeScript compiler from running live within Internet Explorer. There's now a syntax for block comments, similar in spirit to CoffeeScript's heredocs. ECMA Harmony DRY-style pattern matching is now supported, where the name of the property is the same as the name of the value: {name, length}: func. Pattern matching is now allowed within comprehension variables. unless is now allowed in block form. until loops were added, as the inverse of while loops. switch statements are now allowed without switch object clauses. Compatible with Node.js v0.1.95.0.6.1
Upgraded CoffeeScript for compatibility with the new Node.js v0.1.90 series.0.6.0
Trailing commas are now allowed, a-la Python. Static properties may be assigned directly within class definitions, using @property notation.0.5.6
Interpolation can now be used within regular expressions and heredocs, as well as strings. Added the <- bind operator. Allowing assignment to half-expressions instead of special ||=-style operators. The arguments object is no longer automatically converted into an array. After requiring coffee-script, Node.js can now directly load .coffee files, thanks to registerExtension. Multiple splats can now be used in function calls, arrays, and pattern matching.0.5.5 Stan Angeloff. Since --run has been the default since 0.5.3, updating --stdio and --eval to run by default, pass --compile as well if you'd like to print the result.
String interpolation, contributed by0.5.4
Bugfix that corrects the Node.js global constants __filename and __dirname. Tweaks for more flexible parsing of nested function literals and improperly-indented comments. Updates for the latest Node.js API.0.5.3
CoffeeScript now has a syntax for defining classes. Many of the core components (Nodes, Lexer, Rewriter, Scope, Optparse) are using them. Cakefiles can use optparse.coffee to define options for tasks. --run is now the default flag for the coffee command, use --compile to save JavaScripts. Bugfix for an ambiguity between RegExp literals and chained divisions.
0.5.2
extras/coffee-script.js. It'll automatically run any script tags
with type text/coffeescript for you. Added a --stdio option
to the coffee command, for piped-in compiles.
0.5.1
Improvements to null soaking with the existential operator, including soaks on indexed properties. Added conditions to while loops, so you can use them as filters with when, in the same manner as comprehensions.0.5.0
CoffeeScript 0.5.0 is a major release, While there are no language changes, the Ruby compiler has been removed in favor of a self-hosting compiler written in pure CoffeeScript.
0.3.2
Switched the default JavaScript engine from Narwhal to Node.js. Pass
the --narwhal flag if you'd like to continue using it.
0.3.0
The function symbol was changed to
->, and the bound function symbol is now =>.
Parameter lists in function definitions must now be wrapped in parentheses.
Added property soaking, with the ?. operator.
Made parentheses optional, when invoking functions with arguments.
Removed the obsolete block literal syntax.
0.2.6
Added Python-style chained comparisons, the conditional existence operator ?=, and some examples from Beautiful Code. Bugfixes relating to statement-to-expression conversion, arguments-to-array conversion, and the TextMate syntax highlighter.0.2.5
The conditions in switch statements can now take multiple values at once — If any of them are true, the case will run. Added the long arrow ==>, which defines and immediately binds a function to this. While loops can now be used as expressions, in the same way that comprehensions can. Splats can be used within pattern matches to soak up the rest of an array.0.2.4
Added ECMAScript Harmony style destructuring assignment, for dealing with extracting values from nested arrays and objects. Added indentation-sensitive heredocs for nicely formatted strings or chunks of code.0.2.3
Axed the unsatisfactory ino keyword, replacing it with of for object comprehensions. They now look like: for prop, value of object.
0.2.2
Added :: as a shorthand for saying .prototype.
The "splat" symbol has been changed from a prefix asterisk *, to
a postfix ellipsis ...
Added JavaScript's in operator,
empty return statements, and empty while loops.
Constructor functions that start with capital letters now include a
safety check to make sure that the new instance of the object is returned.
The extends keyword now functions identically to goog.inherits
in Google's Closure Library.
0.2.1
Arguments objects are now converted into real arrays when referenced.0.2.0 Liam O'Connor-Davis for whitespace and expression help.
Major release. Significant whitespace. Better statement-to-expression conversion. Splats. Splice literals. Object comprehensions. Blocks. The existential operator. Many thanks to all the folks who posted issues, with special thanks to0.1.6
Bugfix for running coffee --interactive and --run from outside of the CoffeeScript directory. Bugfix for nested function/if-statements.0.1.5
Array slice literals and array comprehensions can now both take Ruby-style ranges to specify the start and end. JavaScript variable declaration is now pushed up to the top of the scope, making all assignment statements into expressions. You can use \ to escape newlines. The coffee-script command is now called coffee.0.1.4 C#. Due to popular demand, you can now also use = to assign. Unlike JavaScript, = can also be used within object literals, interchangeably with :. Made a grammatical fix for chained function calls like func(1)(2)(3)(4). Inheritance and super no longer use __proto__, so they should be IE-compatible now.
The official CoffeeScript extension is now .coffee instead of .cs, which properly belongs to0.1.3
The coffee command now includes --interactive, which launches an interactive CoffeeScript session, and --run, which directly compiles and executes a script. Both options depend on a working installation of Narwhal. The aint keyword has been replaced by isnt, which goes together a little smoother with is. Quoted strings are now allowed as identifiers within object literals: eg. {"5+5": 10}. All assignment operators now use a colon: +:, -:, *:, etc.0.1.2 Narwhal support (as a Tusk package), contributed by Tom Robinson, including bin/cs as a CoffeeScript REPL and interpreter. New --no-wrap option to suppress the safety function wrapper.
Fixed a bug with calling super() through more than one level of inheritance, with the re-addition of the extends keyword. Added experimental0.1.1
Added instanceof and typeof as operators.0.1.0
Initial CoffeeScript release.